Family Dental Care At Winghaven - White Coating on Tongue and Bad Breath (Halitosis).
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Stare at yourself in the mirror and bring your tongue out - do you have a white coating on your tongue and bad breath? A lot of people who experience bad breath (halitosis) have a noticeable white coating at the end of the tongue. Even if you don't notice anything, you might have a coating, at times referred to as a biofilm, on your tongue formed by countless unusual microbes, the leftovers of food and body cells, and a non-cellular medium that holds it in unison.
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How is White Coating on Tongue and Bad Breath (Halitosis)
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A number of microbes living on your tongue are most probably pathogens - organisms that can cause infectivity and bad breath, actually, the tongue is the habitat of the maximum number of microbes living in the mouth. This is why it is so advantageous to employ a tongue cleaner to eliminate the biofilm, mainly if you have a noticeably coated tongue and bad breath. Studies have revealed that habitual physical elimination of the coating brings about a noteworthy decrease in numbers of pathogenic bacteria in the mouth, and in the amount of halitosis.
Physical tongue cleaning will be more successful against your bad breath, coated tongue and oral microbes as the noncellular medium of the biofilm in fact shields the organisms in it from mouthwashes, normal immune cells and the cleaning act of saliva - imagine of a rigid jelly-like material putting everything in a thin water-resistant layer. An excellent tongue cleaner or tongue scraper gets past the barrier of the medium by simply scraping it all away and lessening the coated tongue and bad breath. In the meantime, lower layers that turn out to be uncovered will be susceptible to antibacterial substances in the mouth like saliva or mouthwash at the same time as the biofilm is reestablishing itself.
And it will restore itself - no tongue cleaner or antibacterial product will ever totally eliminate the unwelcome organisms in your mouth that are producing bad breath coated tongue and even gum disease. It is achievable, though to maintain the numbers of these organisms down with a usual program of superior oral cleanliness together with tongue scraping and the application of a mouthwash that aims to remove the bacteria that forms heavily coated tongue and bad breath.
There are quite a lot of potentials for what causes a white coating on the tongue. The most well known reason of a white coating is a candidal infection, which is caused by fungus. Moreover, thrush can be formed by antibiotics or steroids that were breathed in for sinus or asthma problems. In addition, a white coating can just be the increase of dead cells on the tongue.
o A white coating on the tongue may be formed due to dehydration! If you aren't drinking a sufficient amount of water, it is quite probable that tiny pieces of food are sticking with your tongue! Just drinking more and more water will cure this situation. Therefore, drinking large amount of water assists you very much when it comes to a white coating of the tongue.
o To prevent white coating of your tongue you should avoid soy milk which is definitely one of its root causes.
o Clean your tongue with a tongue scraper. Be certain that you have cleaned the end position of your tongue where in most of the cases microbes survive. Be cautious and don't rub too hard the initial time.
o Make an effort to brush your tongue with a combination of baking soda, 3% hydrogen peroxide and water. Don't try it for a long time; otherwise your tongue might get raw.
o Add 1/8 teaspoon of cayenne pepper to lukewarm water and allow the combination to sit in your mouth for as much time as you can control. The cayenne pepper appears to draw mucous up and out. It's an excellent treatment for sore throats also.
o Initially, place 1 spoon of salt in a cup after that add water, then immerse your tooth brush into it and brush your tongue, it might hurt although then the pain and white coating will disappear. Or hold the salty water for approximately half a minute on your tongue and then gargle for another half minute then spit out.
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Cosmetic Dental Surgery - 3 Easy Non-Surgical Cosmetic Procedures.
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If you want to wipe off a few years off your appearance and feel great about yourself, there are 3 easy non-surgical procedures that you can undergo. Each of these procedures is extremely safe and can be performed at your local curative Spa or Aesthetic Clinic even during your lunch break. While quarterly skin care and a wholesome diet can help utter your looks, sometimes you need a limited extra "something" in order to literally get that perky and fresh effect.
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Botox
Botox is already a household name, especially in La and on the West Coast. Botox even isn't the exclusive domain of women these days, as men have also been lining up to get their so called "Brotox". Botox works by relaxing the muscles of facial expression. extremely trained curative professionals inject the substance into the muscles that are the main cause behind the wrinkles linked with facial expressions.
As the Botox begins to take effect, the muscles relax and stretch out. It's a bit like splinting a broken limb - it prevents the muscles from working and thus lets the skin recover. With time the wrinkles gradually fade away. If the wrinkles are deep it may take a few top ups in order to get a good noticeable effect.
You shouldn't expect the wrinkles to wholly go away, but there will more than likely be principal improvements. Sometimes you might notice some new wrinkles forming in compensation, but this is a small price to pay to get nice and flat (mostly) wrinkle free skin.
Botox is literally more of a way of life, as you will need to keep getting the injections every 3-4 months. It's literally not that high-priced when you collate it to other attractiveness treatments, given that you can be positive that this rehabilitation will literally work. It'll only take a about 15 minutes of your time to get the jabs after you've got all the paper work out of the way, so you can literally fit it in during a busy day!
Hyaluronic Acid as a Dermal Filler
Botox is a great and productive drug, but the areas that one can treat with botox are fairly limited. This is where hyaluronic acid comes in. The substance is a type of carbohydrate that is usually naturally found it our skin. As we age the hyaluronic acid in our epithilium becomes depleted and it is this loss of volume that is one the major signs of aged skin. Losing volumes means losing the impel of the skin, which succeed in saggy and flaccid skin. You might be more customary with the brand name forms of hyaluronic acid, such as Juvederm, Restylane and Perlane.
The superior areas that you can advantage from the use of hyaluronic acid are to fill in the nasolabial fold lines (the lines in the middle of the sides of the nose and the mouth), as well as the marionette lines (the folds extending from the sides of the mouth downwards). It can also be used as a cheek filler, to give you those high cheek bones you've all the time dreamed of.
Hyaluronic acid works by literally filling in the wrinkles as it replaces the lost volume. The procedure itself takes about half an hour, but your physician will usually apply a local anaesthetic cream before the procedure which can take up to 45 minutes to take effect. You can expect the succeed of the filler to last for about 9 months, although it can last sometimes as long as 18 months!
Hyaluronic Acid for Lip Augmentation
Dreamed of having those perfect, full and luscious lips? Hyaluronic acid is also a safe substance for lip augmentation. When used to treat the lips your physician will usually start off by anaesthetising your lips in the same way your dentist would. Once the anaesthetic sets in, the procedure is fairly painless and quick, again taking about 20 minutes to finish.
The lips are a sensitive area, so they are more prone to swelling. You can expect the swelling to rule down within a merge of weeks and then you will be able to appreciate the final effect. While the swelling is something that you will notice, more than likely it won't be too noticeable to citizen nearby you.
The period of succeed in the lips is slightly shorter, at about 6 months, although it can last as long as a year.
The great thing about these procedures is that they're quick, safe and citizen are usually very happy with the results. Often not only will it perk up your looks, but it'll give you a wholesome boost to your self-esteem. There can be side effects, but they're mostly very mild and temporary, such as limited tenderness or bruising.
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Family Dental Practice - Origin And amelioration Of advice And Counseling custom In Tanzanian Schools
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1.0. Overview
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How is Origin And amelioration Of advice And Counseling custom In Tanzanian Schools
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1.1. Background and History of guidance and Counseling in normal in School practice and other setting
The history of school counseling formally started at the turn of the twentieth century, although a case can be made for tracing the foundations of counseling and guidance system to antique Greece and Rome with the philosophical teachings of Plato and Aristotle. There is also evidence to argue that some of the techniques and skills of modern-day guidance counselors were practiced by Catholic priests in the middle ages, as can be seen by the dedication to the plan of confidentiality within the confessional. Near the end of the sixteenth century, one of the first texts about work options appeared: The Universal Plaza of All the Professions of the World, (1626) written by Tomaso Garzoni quoted in Guez, W. & Allen, J. (2000). Nevertheless, formal guidance programs using specialized textbooks did not start until the turn of the twentieth century.
Counseling is a plan that has existed for a long time in Tanzania. We have sought straight through the ages to understand ourselves, offer counsel and invent our potential, come to be aware of opportunities and, in general, help ourselves in ways related with formal guidance practice. In most communities, there has been, and there still is, a deeply embedded conviction that, under proper conditions, habitancy can help others with their problems. Some habitancy help others find ways of dealing with, solving, or transcending problems as Nwoye, (2009) prescribed in his writings. In schools, presently if the collaboration in the middle of teachers and students is good, students learn in a practical way. Young habitancy invent degrees of leisure in their lives as they come to be aware of options and take benefit of them. At its best, helping should enable habitancy to throw off chains and carry on life situations effectively. Unprecedented economic and communal changes have, over the years, changed the ways in which we carry on our lives. Consequently, not all the lessons of the past can effectively deal with the challenges of modern times. Effective counseling, especially in institutions of studying has now come to be important. Boys and girls, and young men and women, need to be guided in the relationships in the middle of health and the environment, earning skills, knowledge, and attitudes that lead to success and failure in life. The need for counseling has come to be preeminent in order to promote the well-being of the child. Effective guidance and counseling should help to improve the self-image of young habitancy and facilitate achievement in life tasks. Counseling should empower girls and boys to partake fully in, and benefit from, the economic and communal improvement of the nation.
2.0. Definitions of Concepts
2.1. Guidance
Guidance is an act of showing the way for some people, like adolescents, who cannot find the right path. It is directing, pointing, leading and accompanying. guidance is saying "Yes" to man who is request for help. It is saying "Yes" to an invitation of man who wants a temporary companion along life's way.
Guidance is giving directions to the lonely, confused, unloved, the suffering, the sick and the lost. It is pointing to some possibilities of thinking, feeling and acting. It is leading the man psychologically, emotionally and even spiritually to some newer ways of meaningful living. It is together with those who are fearful and uncertain, those who need man along the rugged path of life's journey.
From an objective point of view, guidance is part and parcel of the counseling profession. It is called directive counseling. High school and even college students need guidance when they are unsure of what choices to make or what directions to take. The guidance consultant "opens up" a world of choices for these persons for them to select from. It is like presenting the universe when all that a man sees is the lonely planet earth. The guidance consultant enlarges and widens the horizon of habitancy who sees only a narrow path or a concealed view of that path. Thus, the focus is on possibilities and choices.
Usually, guidance occurs in schools. High school and college students avail of guidance and counseling services in their school. More often, young habitancy are unsure of what to do, how to react or respond, and how to act in confident choices. When this occurs, they need man older, wiser and more experienced to show them the way, to guide them. This is the role of the guidance consultant to enlarge aid when indispensable to those who are confused, uncertain, and needing advice. However, some adults may need guidance too.
2.2. Counseling:
Counseling is guiding and more. It is a way of healing hurts. It is both a science and an art. It is a science because to offer counsel, guidance or assistance, the consultant must have the knowledge of the basic system and techniques of counseling. The consultant must be able to use any of these basic system and techniques as paradigms in order for him to counsel well. However, it is not sufficient to use know these basic system and techniques. The other leading aspect is for the consultant to know how to counsel-the art of counseling. This aspect considers counseling as a relationship, as a sharing of life, in the hope that the man who is hurting will be healed. As a relationship, counseling involves the physical, emotional, and psychical or spiritual dimensions. The consultant must have the ability to enumerate to the counselee in an accepted physical manner without being too intimate or too close for comfort or being too distant or aloof. The emotional size in counseling includes empathy, sensitivity and the ability to account for non-verbal clues of the counselee in order to understand unresolved complexes or pent-up feelings. The psychical or spiritual size embraces the counselee's "soul-content"---what lies inside. This is what is called the interiority of the person. The consultant must have the gift or grace of catching a glance of the interior world of the person, particularly his spiritual condition, for this is very leading in healing the person's hurts.
2.3. Other Definitions of the Concepts
Biswalo (1996) defines guidance as a term used to denote the process of helping an personel to gain self comprehension and self direction (self decision-making) so that he can adjust maximally to his home, school or society environment. This process, however, depends on counseling. He also defines counseling as a process of helping an personel to accept and use facts and guidance so that he can either solve his present question or cope with it successfully. He goes further remarking that sometimes the process helps the personel to accept unchangeable situation for example, loss of dearly loved ones and to some extent convert it in its favour rather than letting himself be overcome by the situation. Guez and Allen (2000) glance that it is difficult to think of a singular definition of counseling. This is because definitions of counseling depend on theoretical orientation. Counseling is a learning-oriented process, which occurs commonly in an interactive relationship, with the aim of helping a man learn more about the self, and to use such comprehension to enable the man to come to be an Effective member of society. Counseling is a process by means of which the helper expresses care and concern towards the man with a problem, and facilitates that person's personal increase and brings about convert straight through self-knowledge. Counseling is a relationship in the middle of a involved man and a man with a need. This relationship is commonly person-to-person, although sometimes it may involve more than two people. It is designed to help habitancy to understand and account for their views, and learn how to reach their self-determined goals straight through meaningful, well-informed choices, and straight through the resolution of emotional or interpersonal problems. It can be seen from these definitions that counseling can have distinct meanings.
3.0. Origin of guidance and Counseling practice in Pre-Colonial Era
Counseling in Tanzania in distinct forms and with distinct interpretations, has existed in societies for a long time before colonial era. The differences and contradictions in present-day, have their origin in the communal and historical forces that have shaped modern culture. In Tanzania habitancy in all societies, and at all times, have experienced emotional or psychological distress and behavioural problems. In each culture, there have been well established ways and methods of helping individuals with their problems. However, there are no sufficient written sources about the origin of guidance and counseling practice in Tanzanian schools. But like other places before colonial era there were outstanding unique elements which held the societies together in their livelihood. The elements include the extended house system, together with the clan and the tribe, chieftaincy, taboos, varied forms of initiation and close links with ancestors and elders.
The hamlet is the focal point of society. While each one of these elements is important, only a few are used to account for the role of guidance and counseling in present-day Tanzanian societies. Basically, customary chiefs had many roles which included serving as a sticker of authority and as a regulator. Since these roles were accepted and respected by all, there was a clear direction in the day-to-day affairs of society. The elders, the chief included, were a indispensable source of guidance and counseling for boys and girls. In most cases, the chiefs were regarded as a vital link in the middle of ancestors and the present generation. This link was strengthened by the rituals, ceremonies and taboos attached to them. It was easy to guide and counsel the young, since the rituals or ceremonies were also aimed at making ready for adult roles in society. The extended family, the clan, and the village, made society supportive. No personel regarded him/herself as alien. Counseling was facilely sought and provided. The forms of guidance and counseling complex were given guidance and sharing wisdom.
4.0. The Developments of guidance and Counseling Practices in Tanzanian Schools
4.1. guidance and Counseling Practices in Tanzanian Schools Trends
In realizing this perhaps, since we are thinking of the concepts in school setting, we should think the meaning of counseling in schooling discipline. One could think that the definitions given above on the term guidance and counseling, their meaning can be directed to schooling grounds and now give the meaning correctly. Guez and Allen (2000) pointed out that a term educational counseling was first coined by Truman Kelley in 1914 in Makinde, (1988), educational counseling is a process of rendering services to pupils who need aid in development decisions about leading aspects of their education, such as the selection of courses and studies, decisions with regard to interests and ability, and choices of college and high school. Educational counseling increases a pupil's knowledge of educational opportunities.
The ever growing complexity of society in Tanzania, coupled with communal problems like Hiv/Aids and the rapid improvement of science and technology, place heavy demands on education. The school, as an leading communal institution, was required to adapt quickly to changing patterns, and help put in order citizens for tomorrow's challenges. That is where guidance and counseling in the educational system should help boys and girls alike, to invent their capacities to the full. These include intellectual, social, physical and moral capacities. This help is of the most leading in Tanzania as long as the history and age of schooling provision and in its systems found today.
Guidance and counseling practices improvement in Tanzanian schools can be traced back from the time when vocational schooling was emerging right at the colonial period. In the process of establishing counseling services in Tanzania, there was a need to first understand the fundamental factors that affect people's beliefs and perceptions about such practices. However, this is plan that was not taken in to consideration at the time and it may be up to new time. It is especially leading to understand the economic, socio-political, religious beliefs, customs and traditions, and cultural changes that are present in distinct regions of the country. Young habitancy should be understood within this context, but also within the paradoxical situation of having to face the customary and the modern world, but this is a big challenge to Tanzania and many developing African countries. While colonial duration there were some form of vocational guidance under the work guidance and it was administered by work masters. But the work masters who were excellent by the head of schools had no pro training in vocational guidance. In fact the duty was small to helping students fill out employment forms and writing letters of application. In the missionary schools vocational guidance was confined to religious services. The teachers who were commonly 'fathers', pastors, or reverends guided and trained spiritually inclined youths to come to be sisters, brothers, fathers and pastors upon their completion of formal education.
Apart of what could be done in schools in Tanzania, guidance and counseling was more or less a incommunicable house affair. Parents and relatives counseled their children on all matters of life management and question solving. It is true that in many families the duty of normal guidance was the customary duty of senior members of the family, father, mother, uncle, aunt, and grandparents. In case of serious personal or house problems, counseling was done by a specially organized by the society as a competent in handling that definite problem. This is done without any knowledge obtained from formal or informal school system but rather straight through palpate and age wise straight through collected wisdom. This kind of early form of counseling from school setting and society helped the young to be brought into the spellbinding image of living in the future to the society.
4.2. guidance and Counseling Practices in Tanzanian Schools in Post-colonial era
In some literatures and sources, guidance and counseling in schooling sector in Tanzania and some other African countries is regarded as the youngest discipline. This is evidenced by First International discussion on Guidance, Counseling and Youth improvement in Africa held in Nairobi, Kenya from 22nd to 26th April, 2002 which pointed out that the Guidance, Counseling and Youth improvement Programme was initiated in Africa in April 1994, following the First Pan African discussion on the schooling of Girls that was held in Ouagadougou in 1993. It is designed to introduce or expand guidance and counseling in African countries. It focuses on capacity building in the countries complex and provides training at both regional and national levels on issues of guidance and counseling of schools and colleges.
What we can call pro guidance and counseling in Tanzania schools begin in the year 1984 following the National October 1984 Arusha Conference, where guidance and counseling services were endorsed by the government as and integral part of the country's schooling system (Biswalo, 1996). The aim of the discussion is to invent systematic criteria for secondary schools students' guidance and counseling. Students were then advised, guided and counseled on matters with regard to their job selection and student placement for further education. This job was assigned to work masters and mistresses as explained below, however, there were no sufficient guidance and counseling personnel not only in the responsible ministry but also in the schools.
Guidance and Counseling is now becoming gradually institutionalized and spread in educational institutions. Schools, for example, have to a large extent taken over the task of providing psychological support to boys and girls. Any way Biswalo (1996) comments that in Tanzania policies pertinent to guidance and counseling is still lacking. The Ministry of Education, however, has somehow tried to institutionalize the services within the schooling system by appointing work masters and mistresses. He prolonged saying that the personnel are charged with the responsibility of advising heads of secondary schools with regard to students job selection and student placement for further education; to try and help students understands and invent interest in accepted jobs or further schooling or training; to asses the students talents and capabilities and to encourage them to pursue careers or further schooling best great to them and to help students solve their personal problems which may affect their normal expand in school.
This is an impossible and realistic burden on these untrained personnel. It reflects the apathy of procedure and decision makers with regard to the new field of guidance and counseling in schools; the power of the myth of planned manpower in which work guidance is erroneously regarded as redundant and the gross lack of trained personnel who would contribute Effective guidance and counseling services in schools. It is unfortunate that even after the National October 1984 Arusha discussion on the strengthening of schooling in Tanzania, where guidance and counseling services were endorsed by the government as and integral part of the country's schooling system, the services are to-date still patchy and ineffective in Tanzania's educational institutions. guidance and counseling in this manner is discussed by distinct scholars in primary, secondary and tertiary schooling levels together.
5.0. guidance and Counseling Practices in customary and Secondary Schools
In customary school levels in Tanzania in actual fact there were and are no specified pupils' teacher-counselors. However, the activity is left to teachers themselves to settle what is to be done since there is no programmed or time-tabled activity with regard to guidance and counseling. Teachers are left to use part of the teaching to practice guidance and counseling in and surface the classroom although not all teachers have gone teacher-counselor training. As children enter school they need orientation on school itself, its environment, school society and the curriculum to motivate and invent confident attitude toward studying and school society as well (Biswalo, 1996). As the pupils grow older and pass straight through distinct grades they need to be directed in studying skills, overcome studying difficulties and other school related problems. But this activity is not performed systematically in customary schools in Tanzania.
In the case of secondary schools till to-date there is also insufficient programmed or time-tabled system of guiding and counseling students. In some cases this duty is left to discipline masters and sometimes to class masters and head of schools. At secondary school level, students would seek educational opportunities, facts of all kinds and any other help pertinent to educational pursuits. These needs are catered to by educational guidance and counseling (ibid). At this level students are helped with field choice, study techniques and tests and examination. Biswalo (1996) pointed out that sometimes While field choice, pride of placing as many students as possible in prestigious streams, such as science, takes precedence over actual abilities, interests and aptitudes of students. He said this unfortunate situation has been born out of the lack of genuine educational guidance and counseling services in secondary schools.
The school has an leading role to play in making ready pupils for prolonged secondary education, paid employment, self-employment and life in the community, as clearly set out by the Ministry of schooling in the objectives for its secondary curriculum. Possibly uniquely, there would be total business agreement among pupils, teachers and parents over the relative emphasis a confident schools located on the making ready for further education, with its focus on schoraly knowledge and the pursuance of success in the national examinations. That is, the secondary schools where counseling is not well performed located small emphasis on citizenship and the improvement of a responsible attitude to life in the society at the local, regional or national level and employment opportunities. However, what is de-emphasized is the informal sector together with self-employment but the emphasized is employment in the formal sector with its implied emphasis on white collar jobs.
5.1. Vocational, work guidance and Counseling
In Tanzania teachers have the capacity to directly affect their pupils' selection of careers. The achievements and attitudes of pupils have been shown to be related to the characteristics and achievements of their teachers (World Bank, 1995; quoted in Nyutu, P.N. & Norman C.G. 2008). However, the affect of the school depends on the formal interactions and transportation which take place in the middle of teachers and pupils in the classroom whereas television and radio, act straight through the informal interactions pupils have with these media. The affect of parents and siblings is straight through both formal and informal means.
That is in most cases in Tanzania and may be other states where guidance and counseling is rarely done in schools; parents play the big role to affect on their children's selection of careers. Others who have lower level careers i.e. Teachers, clerks, drivers, personal secretaries, soldiers etc. Do not anticipate their children 'following in their footsteps' because for the children who are able to study to higher level sometimes saw these jobs as narrow and lacking in interest. Any way it is recommend that parents' work might have influenced their children's selection of careers, but this happened to children who have generic skills beneficial in such jobs, and a few may have job skills relevant to those jobs. Way to facts straight through the media and other forms of technology is giving young habitancy aspirations that, for the most part, cannot be satisfied in their own environment. Choices have to be made and young habitancy must derive the skills to correlate situations and make informed decisions. There is no longer a natural, understandable order from birth to adulthood for the Tanzanian young.
Vocational guidance at secondary school levels is provided but in very few among others because of shortages of school or vocational trained counselors. For those lucky schools with these kinds of counselors, students are helped but vocational counseling is not emphasized because most pupils, teachers and of procedure parents push students to make long range plans of study so that to put in order well for the envisaged careers. These counselors plan with school administrators and teachers to contribute accepted class placement for students with extra abilities or disabilities for procedure selection by students.
5.2. Tertiary Level
The tertiary level students are provided with orientation and other educational guidance and counseling. In Tanzania tertiary level have at least fulfilled the need of having great students' counselors for both psychological and academics, though they are few in number. Here counselors play a big role in compiling unabridged facts on all aspects of the careers related to the training offered in the institution. Counselors sometimes integrate with management or practicum agency to invent field practices for students and even more rarely might contacts with relevant employing agencies (Biswalo, 1996).
6.0. plan on guidance and Counseling in Tanzania
According to the study by Sima (2004), pro counseling is yet to be recognized as a stand-alone profession in Tanzania and in many African countries. Nevertheless, the coming and setting of Hiv/Aids in the country has strengthened the base for counseling. This is particularly because of the multifaceted nature of the Hiv/Aids pandemic whose attention, unlike other human diseases, goes beyond the prerogatives of the healing profession. Thus, counseling is perceived as a crucial avenue for arresting of Hiv infection straight through provision of sufficient and relevant information, and for communal and psychological support of habitancy infected and affected by the pandemic. Ibid prolonged saying that since the emergence of the pandemic in the country, a whole of non-governmental organizations have been offering counseling services however, there is lack of clarity on the type and nature of counseling services offered by these organization. The nature and characteristics of counseling clients also remain fuzzy.
In Tanzania the pro counseling as aforesaid is relatively a new phenomenon. Outwater (1995) quoted in Sima (2004) comments that before Hiv/Aids epidemic, there was no formal counseling service in Tanzanian hospitals, no pro counselors and no formal system for training counselors. There was a need to fill this gap by training as many counselors as possible to contribute optimal care for Aids patients and their relatives (Nacp, 1989; quoted in ibid). Since then many para-professional counselors have been trained in basic knowledge and skills of counseling. Currently there are many counseling centers working not only on Hiv/Aids related problems but also distinct problems affecting Tanzanians. However, as counseling became beloved with the coming of Hiv/Aids, many habitancy assume that it is only meant for habitancy infected and affected by Hiv/Aids and shy away from it for fear of being labeled (Sima, 2002; quoted in Sima 2004).
7.0. Problems and Challenges
The Tanzanian government have not yet formulated in the schooling procedure issues pertaining guidance and counseling in spite of the crucially and necessity in schools. Biswalo (1996) pointed out that in Tanzania policies pertinent to guidance and counseling is still lacking. He prolonged saying that efforts directed towards fulfilling guidance and counseling needs are apparently thwarted by some difficulties together with financial resources to support the even established tiny counseling activities in some schools.
In Tanzania till today counseling is relatively new phenomenon. There are no sufficient great counselors in schools and other schooling institutions. However, there are small whole of great counselors, they are either not utilized well in schools or they are engaged in other activities rather than what they are trained for. Some of school counselors are also teachers and they are fully busy with teaching responsibilities. More surprisingly counseling is perceived as a crucial avenue for only arresting of Hiv infection straight through provision of sufficient and relevant information, and for communal and psychological support of habitancy infected and affected by the Hiv/Aids (Sima, 2004).
There is slow increase of guidance and counseling in educational systems attributed to lack of funds, training facilities, and high turnover of guidance counselors to green pastures and in adequately trained counselors. For instance in many schools they lack counseling offices, trained teacher-counselors and counseling equipments. In terms of funds there are varied options that can be explored to alleviate financial constraints. extra schools on behalf of parents in need can arrival non-governmental organizations.
The absence of solid pro counseling relationship in Tanzania to set standards for the accepted practice is other challenge (Nwoye, 2008). Also insufficient availability of pro consultant training programs in Tanzanian colleges and universities is other contributing challenge.
There are no efforts to invent counseling curriculum in secondary schools and colleges and guidance and counseling courses in the universities. guidance curriculum and responsive services can then be structured to address the five content areas, namely human relationships, work development, communal values, self development, and studying skills. A guidance curriculum could be taught to students at distinct levels or in small groups to address issues that are similar to them. For guidance and counseling programs to be Effective in Tanzania, trained professionals should be employed to carry on and offer services in schools. Such professionals should also be provided with relevant facilities and structural support. At the same time, universities and teacher training institutions will have to invent and invent programs that train pro school counselors and other guidance personnel.
There is still insufficient aid in higher schooling institutions to enable students achieves their work aspirations. However, students today indicate a higher need for work guidance than students in the past decade. Students may therefore be encountering an increased need to derive relevant work facts that will enable them seek better paid jobs. Many schools have in the past appointed some teachers as work masters without providing them with the indispensable training and facilities for work guidance. Such work masters commonly assume that all students will end up in universities and only focus on helping students unblemished university application forms and no more. It is the high time for the government to set and implement the procedure that will improve guidance and counseling from customary schools to the tertiary level and in turn will invent programs that train pro school counselors and other guidance personnel.
8.0. Conclusion
Guidance and counseling sought to put in order pupils in their schooling program to enter into the world of accepted work by linking the school curriculum to employment. For the school to be thriving in this endeavor, subjects should be taught at a pleasant and suitable environment and should be made relevant and spellbinding to the pupils. other factor that needs to be determined is the recruitment of competent teachers capable of guiding and counseling learners in relating what they teach to the job market. What is taught and how it is taught can have great affect on the interest and perception of learners. In Tanzania the spirit to plan and use guidance and counseling services in the Effective improvement and utilization of their respective young human resources is evidently strong. However, as Biswalo (1996) said the efforts directed towards fulfilling this need are apparently thwarted by some difficulties. It appears total and enlightened commitment on the part of procedure and decision makers is indispensable and should be right on surmount the problems.
The emergence of work improvement in western countries as a invent suggests that it may be an indispensable area in developing country like Tanzania where students need assistance; students particularly need aid in selecting colleges and courses. To this end, the schools should offer a work guidance and counseling programme under the able leadership of great school counselors.
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Origin And amelioration Of advice And Counseling custom In Tanzanian Schools (with Great Articles)
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Family Dental Services Ltd - Building a Kingdom - Case Study of Kingdom Financial Holdings Limited
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Do you know - Building a Kingdom - Case Study of Kingdom Financial Holdings Limited
This article presents a case study of sustained entrepreneurial growth of Kingdom Financial Holdings. It is one of the entrepreneurial banks which survived the financial crisis that started in Zimbabwe in 2003. The bank was established in 1994 by four entrepreneurial young bankers. It has grown substantially over the years. The case examines the origins, growth and expansion of the bank. It concludes by summarizing lessons or principles that can be derived from this case that maybe applicable to entrepreneurs.
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Profile of an Entrepreneur: Nigel Chanakira
Nigel Chanakira was raised in the Highfield suburb of Harare in an entrepreneurial family. His father and uncle operated a public transport company Modern Express and later diversified into retail shops. Nigel's father later exited the family business. He bought out one of the shops and expanded it. During school holidays young Nigel, as the first born, would work in the shops. His parents, particularly his mother, insisted that he acquire an education first.
On completion of high school, Nigel failed to enter dental or medical school, which were his first passions. In fact his grades could only qualify him for the Bachelor of Arts degree programme at the University of Zimbabwe. However, he "sweet-talked his way into a transfer" to the Bachelor in Economics degree programme. Academically he worked hard, exploiting his strong competitive character that was developed during his sporting days. Nigel rigorously applied himself to his academic pursuits and passed his studies with excellent grades, which opened the door to employment as an economist with the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ).
During his stint with the Reserve Bank, his economic mindset indicated to him that wealth creation was happening in the banking sector therefore he determined to understand banking and financial markets. While employed at RBZ, he read for a Master's degree in Financial Economics and Financial Markets as preparation for his debut into banking. At the Reserve Bank under Dr Moyana, he was part of the research team that put together the policy framework for the liberalization of the financial services within the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme. Being at the right place at the right time, he became aware of the opportunities which were opening up. Nigel exploited his position to identify the most profitable banking institution to work for as preparation for his future. He headed to Bard Discount House and worked for five years under Charles Gurney.
A short while later the two black executives at Bard, Nick Vingirayi and Gibson Muringai, left to form Intermarket Discount House. Their departure inspired the young Nigel. If these two could establish a banking institution of their own so could he, given time. The departure also created an opportunity for him to rise to fill the vacancy. This gave the aspiring banker critical managerial experience. Subsequently he became a director for Bard Investment Services where he gained critical experience in portfolio management, client relationships and dealing within the dealing department. While there he met Franky Kufa, a young dealer who was making waves, who would later become a key co-entrepreneur with him.
Despite his professional business engagement his father enrolled Nigel in the Barclays Bank "Start Your Own Business" Programme. However what really made an impact on the young entrepreneur was the Empretec Entrepreneur Training programme (May 1994), to which he was introduced by Mrs Tsitsi Masiyiwa. The course demonstrated that he had the requisite entrepreneurial competences.
Nigel talked Charles Gurney into an attempted management buy-out of Bard from Anglo -American. This failed and the increasingly frustrated aspiring entrepreneur considered employment opportunities with Nick Vingirai's Intermarket and Never Mhlanga's National Discount House which was on the verge of being formed - hoping to join as a shareholder since he was acquainted with the promoters. He was denied this opportunity.
Being frustrated at Bard and having been denied entry into the club by pioneers, he resigned in October 1994 with the encouragement of Mrs Masiyiwa to pursue his entrepreneurial dream.
The Dream
Inspired by the messages of his pastor, Rev. Tom Deuschle, and frustrated at his inability to participate in the church's massive building project, Nigel sought a way of generating huge financial resources. During a time of prayer he claims that he had a divine encounter where he obtained a mandate from God to start Kingdom Bank. He visited his pastor and told him of this encounter and the subsequent desire to start a bank. The godly pastor was amazed at the 26 year old with "big spectacles and wearing tennis shoes" who wanted to start a bank. The pastor prayed before counselling the young man. Having been convinced of the genuineness of Nigel's dream, the pastor did something unusual. He asked him to give a testimony to the congregation of how God was leading him to start a bank. Though timid, the young man complied. That experience was a powerful vote of confidence from the godly pastor. It demonstrates the power of mentors to build a protégé.
Nigel teamed up with young Franky Kufa. Nigel Chanakira left Bard at the position of Chief Economist. They would build their own entrepreneurial venture. Their idea was to identify players who had specific competences and would each be able to generate financial resources from his activity. Their vision was to create a one - stop financial institution offering a discount house, an asset management company and a merchant bank. Nigel used his Empretec model to develop a business plan for their venture. They headhunted Solomon Mugavazi, a stockbroker from Edwards and Company and B. R. Purohit, a corporate banker from Stanbic. Kufa would provide money market expertise while Nigel provided income from government bond dealings as well as overall supervision of the team.
Each of the budding partners brought in an equal portion of the Z0,000 as start-up capital. Nigel talked to his wife and they sold their recently acquired Eastlea home and vehicles to raise the equivalent of US,000 as their initial capital. Nigel, his wife and three kids headed back to Highfield to live in with his parents. The partners established Garmony Investments which started trading as an unregistered financial institution. The entrepreneurs agreed not to draw a salary in their first year of operations as a bootstrapping strategy.
Mugavazi introduced and recommended Lysias Sibanda, a chartered accountant, to join the team. Nigel was initially reluctant as each person had to bring in an earning capacity and it was not clear how an accountant would generate revenue at start up in a financial institution. Nigel initially retained a 26% share which assured him a blocking vote as well as giving him the position of controlling shareholder.
Nigel credits the Success Motivation Institute (SMI) course "The Dynamics of Successful Management" as the lethal weapon that enabled him to acquire managerial competences. Initially he insisted that all his key executives undertake this training programme.
Birth of the Kingdom
Kingdom Securities P/L commenced operations in November 1994 as a wholly owned subsidiary of Garmony Investments (Pvt) Ltd. It traded as a broker on both money and stock markets.
On 24th February 1995 Kingdom Securities Holding was born with the following subsidiaries: Kingdom Securities Ltd, Kingdom Stockbrokers (Pvt) Ltd and Kingdom Asset Managers (Pvt) Ltd. The flagship Kingdom Securities Ltd was registered as a Discount House under Banking Act Chapter 188 on 25th July 1995. Kingdom Stockbrokers was registered with the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange under ZSE Chapter 195 on 1st August 1995. The pre-licensing trading had generated good revenue but they still had a 20% deficit of the required capital. Most institutional investors turned them down as they were a greenfield company promoted by people perceived to be "too young". At this stage National Merchant Bank, Intermarket and others were on the market raising equity and these were run by seasoned and mature promoters. However Rachel Kupara, then MD for Zimnat, believed in the young entrepreneurs and took up the first equity portion for Zimnat at 5%.
Norman Sachikonye, then Financial Director and Investments Manager at First Mutual followed suit, taking up an equity share of 15%. These two institutional investors were inducted as shareholders of Kingdom Securities Holdings on 1st August 1995. Garmony Investments ceased operations and reversed itself into Kingdom Securities on 31st July 1995, thereby becoming an 80% shareholder.
The first year of operations was marked by intense competition as well as discrimination against new financial institutions by public organisations. All the other operating units performed well except for the corporate finance department with Kingdom Securities, led by Purohit. This monetary loss, differing spiritual and ethical values led to the forced departure of Purohit as an executive director and shareholder on 31st December 1995. From then the Kingdom started to grow exponentially.
Structural Growth
Nigel and his team pursued an aggressive growth strategy with the intention of increasing market share, profitability, and geographic spread while developing a strong brand. The growth strategy was built around a business philosophy of simplifying financial services and making them easily accessible to the general public. An IT strategy that created a low cost delivery channel exploiting ATMs and POS while providing a platform that was ready for Internet and web-based applications, was espoused.
On 1st April 1997, Kingdom Financial Services was licensed as an accepting house focusing on trading and distributing foreign currency, treasury activities, corporate finance, investment banking and advisory services. It was formed under the leadership of Victor Chando with the intention of becoming the merchant banking arm of the Group. In 1998, Kingdom Merchant Bank (KMB) was licensed and it took over the assets and liabilities of Kingdom Securities Limited. Its main focus was treasury related products, off-balance sheet finance, foreign currency and trade finance. Kingdom Research Institute was established as a support service to the other units.
The entrepreneurial bankers, cognisant of their limitations, sought to achieve critical mass quickly by actively seeking capital injection from equity investors. The aim was to broaden ownership while lending strategic support in areas of mutual interest. An attempt at equity uptake from Global Emerging Markets from London failed. However in 1997 the efforts of the bankers were rewarded when the following organisations took up some equity, reducing the shareholding of executive directors as shown below: ïEUR Ipcorn 0.7%, ïEUR Zambezi Fund Mauritius P/L 1.1%, ïEUR Zambezi Fund P/L 0.7%. ïEUR Kingdom Employee Share Trust 5%, ïEUR Southern Africa Enterprise Development Fund - 8% redeemable preference shares amounting to US,5m as the first investee company in Southern Africa from the US Fund initiated by US President Bill Clinton, ïEUR Weiland Investments, a company belonging to Mr Richard Muirimi, a long standing friend of Nigel and associate in the fund management business took up 1.7%, Garmony Investments 71.7% -executive directors. ïEUR After a rights issue Zimnat fell to 4.8% while FML went down to 14.3%.
In 1998, Kingdom launched four Unit Trusts which proved very popular with the market. Initially these products were focused at individual clients of the discount house as well as private portfolios of Kingdom Stockbroking. Aggressive marketing and awareness campaigns established the Kingdom Unit Trust as the most popular retail brand of the group. The Kingdom brand was thus born.
Acquisition of Discount Company of Zimbabwe (DCZ)
After a spurt of organic growth, the Kingdom entrepreneurs decided to hasten the growth rate synergistically. They set out to acquire the oldest discount house in the country and the world, The Discount Company of Zimbabwe, which was a listed entity. With this acquisition Kingdom would acquire critical competences as well as achieve the much coveted ZSE listing inexpensively through a reverse listing. Initial efforts at a negotiated merger with DCZ were rebuffed by its executives who could not countenance a forty year old institution being swallowed up by a four year old business. The entrepreneurs were not deterred. Nigel approached his friend Greg Brackenridge at Stanbic to finance and effect the acquisition of the sixty percent shares which were in the hands of about ten shareholders, on behalf of Kingdom Financial Holdings but to be placed in the ownership of Stanbic Nominees. This strategy masked the identity of the acquirer. Claud Chonzi, the National Social Security Authority (NSSA) GM and a friend to Lysias Sibanda (a Kingdom executive director), agreed to act as a front in the negotiations with the DCZ shareholders. NSSA is a well known institutional investor and hence these shareholders may have believed that they were dealing with an institutional investor. Once Kingdom controlled 60% of DCZ, it took over the company and reverse listed itself onto the Stock Exchange as Kingdom Financial Holdings Limited (KFHL). Because of the negative real interest rates, Kingdom successfully used debt finance to structure the acquisition. This acquisition and the subsequent listing gave the once despised young entrepreneurs confidence and credibility on the market.
Other Strategic Acquisitions
Within the same year Kingdom Merchant Bank acquired a strategic stake in CFX Bureau de Change owned by Sean Maloney as well as another stake in a greenfield microlending franchise, Pfihwa P/L. CFX was changed into KFX and used in most foreign currency trading activities. KFHL set as a strategic intention the acquisition of an additional 24.9% stake in CFX Holdings to safeguard the initial investment and ensure management control. This did not work out. Instead, Sean Maloney opted out and took over the failed Universal Merchant Bank licence to form CFX Merchant Bank. Although Kingdom executives contend that the alliance failed due to the abolition of bureau de change by government, it appears that Sean Maloney refused to give up control of the extra shareholding sought by Kingdom. It therefore would be reasonable that once Kingdom could not control KFX, a fall out ensued. The liquidation of this investment in 2002 resulted in a loss of Z3 million on that investment. However this was manageable in light of the strong group profitability.
Pfihwa P/L financed the informal sector as a form of corporate social responsibility. However when the hyperinflationary environment and stringent regulatory environment encroached on the viability of the project, it was wound up in early 2004. Kingdom pursued its financing of the informal sector through MicroKing, which was established with international assistance. By 2002 MicroKing had eight branches located in the midst of, or near, micro-enterprise clusters.
In 2000, due to increased activity on the foreign currency front within the banking sector, Kingdom opened a private banking facility through the discount house to exploit revenue streams from this market. Following market trends, it engaged the insurance company AIG to enter the bancassurance market in 2003.
Meikles Strategic Alliance
In 1999 the entrepreneurial Chanakira on advice from his executives and the legendary corporate finance team from Barclays bank led by the affable Hugh Van Hoffen entered into a strategic alliance with Meikles Africa whereby it injected some Z2 million into Kingdom for an equity shareholding of 25%. Interestingly, the deal nearly collapsed on pricing as Meikles only wanted to pay 0 million whilst KFHL valued themselves at Z2 million which in real terms was the largest private sector deal done between an indigenous bank and a listed corporate. Nigel testifies that it was a walk through the incomplete Celebration Church site on the Saturday preceding the signing of the Meikles deal that led him to sign the deal which he saw as a means for him to sow a whopping seed into the church to boost the Building Fund. God was faithful! Kingdom's share price shot up dramatically from ,15 at the time he made the commitment to the Pastor all the way to 2,00 by the following October!
In return Kingdom acquired a powerful cash-rich shareholder that allowed it entrance into retail banking through an innovative in-store banking strategy. Meikles Africa opened its retail branches, namely TM Supermarkets, Clicks, Barbours, Medix Pharmacies and Greatermans, as distribution channels for Kingdom commercial bank or as account holders providing deposits and requiring banking services. This was a cheaper way of entering retail banking. It proved useful during the 2003 cash crisis because Meikles with its massive cash resources within its business units assisted Kingdom Bank, thus cushioning it from a liquidity crisis. The alliance also raised the reputation and credibility of Kingdom Bank and created an opportunity for Kingdom to finance Meikles Africa's customers through the jointly owned Meikles Financial Services. Kingdom provided the funding for all lease and hire purchases from Meikles' subsidiaries, thus driving sales for Meikles while providing easy lending opportunities for Kingdom. Meikles managed the relationship with the client.
Meikles Africa as a strategic shareholder assured Kingdom of success when recapitalisation was required and has enhanced Kingdom's brand image. This strategic relationship has created powerful synergies for mutual benefit.
Commercial Banking
Exploiting the opportunities arising from the strategic relationship with Meikles Africa, Kingdom made its debut into retail banking in January 2001 with in-store branches at High Glen and Chitungwiza TM supermarkets. The target was principally the mass market. This rode on the strong brand Kingdom had created through the Unit Trusts. In-store banking offered low cost delivery channels with minimal investment in brick and mortar. By the end of 2001, thirteen branches were operational across the country. This followed a deliberate strategy for aggressive roll-out of the branches with two flagship branches ïEURïEUR one in Bulawayo and the other in Harare. There was a huge emphasis on an IT driven strategy with significant cross-selling between the commercial bank and other SBUs.
However, it was further discovered that there was a market for the upmarket clients and hence Crown banking outlets were established to diversify the target market. In 2004, after closing three in-store branches in a rationalization exercise, there were 16 in-store branches and 9 Crown banking outlets.
The entrance into commercial banking was probably held at the wrong time, considering the imminent changes in the banking industry. Commercial banking does provide cheap deposits, however at the price of huge staff costs and human resource management complications. Nigel concedes that, with hindsight, this could have been delayed or done at a slower pace. However, the need for increased market share in a fiercely competitive industry necessitated this. Another reason for persisting with the commercial banking project was that of prior agreements with Meikles Africa. It is possible that Meikles Africa had been sold on the equity take-up deal on the back of promises to engage in in-store banking, which would increase revenue for its subsidiaries.
Innovative Products and Services
KFHL continued its aggressive pursuit of product innovation. After the failure of the KFX project, CurrencyKing was established to continue the work. However this was abolished in November 2002 by government ministerial intervention when bureau de change were prohibited in an effort to stamp out parallel market foreign currency trading.
Sadly this governmental decision was misguided for not only did it fail to banish foreign currency parallel trading but it drove underground, made it more lucrative and subsequently the government lost all control of the management of the exchange rate.
In October 2002, KFHL established Kingdom Leasing after being granted a finance house licence. Its mandate was to exploit opportunities to trade in financial leases, lease hire and short term financial products.
Regional Expansion
Around 2000 it became evident that the domestic market was highly competitive, with limited prospects of future growth. A decision was made to diversify revenue streams and reduce country risk through penetration into the regional markets. This strategy would exploit the proven competences in securities trading, asset management and corporate advisory services from a small capital base. Therefore the entrance had low risk in terms of capital injection. Considering the foreign exchange control limitations and shortage of foreign currency in Zimbabwe, this was a prudent strategy but not without its downside, as will be seen in the Botswana venture.
In 2001, KFHL acquired a 25.1% stake in a greenfield banking enterprise in Malawi, First Discount House Ltd. To safeguard its investment and ensure managerial control, an executive director and dealer were seconded to the Malawi venture while Nigel Chanakira chaired the Board. This investment has continued to grow and yield positive returns. As of July 2006 Kingdom had finally managed to up its stake from 25,1% to 40% in this investment and may ultimately control it to the point of seeking a conversion of the license to a commercial bank.
KFHL also took up a 25% equity stake in Investrust Merchant Bank Zambia. Franky Kufa was seconded to it as an executive director while Nigel took a seat on the Board.
KFHL had been promised an option to gain a controlling stake. However when the bank stabilized, the Zambian shareholders entered into some questionable transactions and were not prepared to allow KFHL to up it's stake and so KFHL decided to pull out as relationships turned frosty. The Zambian Central Bank intervened with a promise to grant KFHL its own banking license. This did not materialize as the Zambian Central Bank exploited the banking crisis in Zimbabwe to deny KHFL a licence. A reasonable premium of Z.5 billion was obtained at disinvestment.
In Botswana, a subsidiary called Kingdom Bank Africa Ltd (KBAL) was established as an offshore bank in the International Finance Centre. KBAL was intended to spearhead and manage regional initiatives for Kingdom. It was headed by Mrs Irene Chamney, seconded by Lysias Sibanda with the concurrence of Nigel after managerial challenges in Zimbabwe. Two other senior executives were seconded there. She successfully set up the KBAL's banking infrastructure and had good relations with the Botswana authorities.
However, the business model chosen of an offshore bank ahead of a domestic Botswana merchant bank license turned out to be the Achilles heel of the bank more so when the Zimbabwe banking crisis set in between 2003 and 2005. There were fundamental differences in how Mrs Chamney and Chanakira saw the bank surviving and going forward.
Ultimately, it was deemed prudent for Mrs. Chamney to leave the bank in 2005. In 2001 KFHL acquired the mandate as the sole distributor of the American Express card in the whole of Africa except for RSA. This was handled through KBAL. Kingdom Private Bank was transferred from the discount house to become a subsidiary of KBAL due to the prevailing regulatory environment in Zimbabwe.
In 2004 KBAL was temporarily placed under curatorship due to undercapitalisation. At this stage the parent company had regulatory constraints that prevented foreign currency capital injection.
A solution was found in the sourcing of local partners and the transfer of US million previously realised from the proceeds of the Investrust liquidation to Botswana. Nigel Chanakira took a more active management role in KBAL because of its huge strategic significance to the future of KFHL. Currently efforts are underway to acquire a local commercial bank licence in Botswana as well. Once this is acquired there are two possible scenarios, namely maintaining both licences or giving up the offshore licence.
The interviewees were divided in their opinion on this. However in my view, judging from the stakeholder power involved, KFHL is likely to give up the off shore banking licence and use the local Kingdom Bank Botswana (Pula Bank) licence for regional and domestic expansion.
Human Resources
The staff complement grew from the initial 23 in 1995 to more than 947 by 2003. The growth was consistent with the growing institution. It exploded, especially during the launch and expansion of the commercial bank. Kingdom from inception had a strong human resourcing strategy which entailed significant training both internally and externally. Before the foreign currency crisis, employees were sent for training in such countries as RSA, Sweden, India and the USA. In the person of Faith Ntabeni Bhebhe, Kingdom had an energetic HR driver who created powerful HR systems for the emerging behemoth.
As a sign of its commitment to building the human resource capability, in 1998 Kingdom Financial Services entered a management agreement with Holland based AMSCO for the provision of seasoned bankers. Through this strategic alliance Kingdom strengthened its skills base and increased opportunities for skills transfer to locals. This helped the entrepreneurial bankers create a solid managerial system for the bank while the seasoned bankers from Holland compensated for the youthfulness of the emerging bankers. What a foresight!
In-house self-paced interactive learning, team building exercises and mentoring were all part of the learning menu targeted at developing the human resource capacity of the group. Work and job profiling was introduced to best match employees to suitable posts. Career path and succession planning were embraced. Kingdom was the first entrepreneurial bank to have smooth unforced CEO transitions. The founding CEO passed on the baton to Lysias Sibanda in 1999 as he stepped into the role of Group CEO and board deputy chair. His role was now to pursue and spearhead global and regional niche financial markets. A few years later there was another change of the guard as
Franky Kufa stepped in as Group CEO to replace Sibanda, who resigned on medical grounds. One could argue that these smooth transitions were due to the fact that the baton was passing to founding directors.
With the explosive growth in staff complement due to the commercial bank project, culture issues emerged. Consequently, KFHL engaged in an enculturation programme resulting in a culture revolution dubbed "Team Kingdom". This culture had to be reinforced due to dilutions through significant mergers and acquisitions, significant staff turnover because of increased competition, emigration to greener pastures and the age profile of the staff increased the risk of high mobility and fraudulent activities in collusion with members of the public. Culture changes are difficult to effect and their effectiveness even harder to assess.
In 2004, with a high staff turnover of around 14%, a compensation strategy that ring fenced critical skills like IT and treasury was implemented. Due to the low margins and the financial stress experienced in 2004, KFHL lost more than 341 staff members due to retrenchment, natural attrition and emigration. This was acceptable as profitability fell while staff costs soared. At this stage, staff costs accounted for 58% of all expenses.
Despite the impressive growth, the financial performance when inflation adjusted was mediocre. Actually a loss position was reported in 2004. This growth was severely compromised by the hyperinflationary conditions and the restrictive regulatory environment.
Conclusion
This article shows the determination of entrepreneurs to push through to the realisation of their dreams despite significant odds. In a subsequent article we will tackle the challenges faced by Nigel Chanakira in solidifying his investments.
